An act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.
Latest action (4 Jul 2025): Became Public Law No: 119-21.
What this bill does
This measure, H.R. 1, is a large budget reconciliation bill that touches nearly every major area of federal spending and tax policy. It makes permanent and expands a number of individual and business tax provisions originally enacted in 2017, including reduced individual tax rates, a higher standard deduction, an enhanced child tax credit, and expanded business expensing rules, while adding new provisions such as exemptions for tip and overtime income and car-loan interest. It also restructures federal nutrition assistance (SNAP) by tightening work requirements and eligibility, changes Medicaid financing and eligibility rules, modifies student loan and Pell Grant programs, increases funding for border security, defense, and Coast Guard programs, and rescinds unspent funds from various clean-energy, environmental, and infrastructure programs. The bill also raises the statutory limit on the public debt.
The bill affects a broad range of Americans and institutions: taxpayers and businesses affected by the tax changes; SNAP and Medicaid recipients subject to new eligibility and work-requirement rules; college students and borrowers affected by loan and Pell Grant changes; farmers and rural communities through commodity, crop insurance, and disaster-assistance provisions; and federal agencies whose funding or programs are altered, expanded, or rescinded, including the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Energy, and Education, and agencies such as the EPA and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
H.R. 1 was introduced in the House on May 20, 2025, by Rep. Jodey Arrington, passed both chambers under budget reconciliation procedures, and was signed into law by the President on July 4, 2025. As enacted legislation, its provisions are now in effect or being implemented according to the effective dates specified within the various titles of the act.
Plain-English summary generated by Bill100 AI from the official record. Always verify against the source below.
Official summary
This act reduces taxes, reduces or increases spending for various federal programs, increases the statutory debt limit, and otherwise addresses agencies and programs throughout the federal government.
It is known as a reconciliation bill and includes legislation submitted by several congressional committees pursuant to provisions in the FY2025 congressional budget resolution (H Con. Res. 14) that directed the committees to submit legislation to the House or Senate Budget Committee that will increase or decrease the deficit and increase the statutory debt limit by specified amounts. (Reconciliation bills are considered by Congress using expedited legislative procedures that prevent a filibuster and restrict amendments in the Senate.)
TITLE I--COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION, AND FORESTRY
This title addresses a wide range of Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, including by changing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and extending programs authorized by the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the 2018 farm bill).
Subtitle A--Nutrition
(Sec. 10101) This section prohibits USDA from increasing the cost of the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) based on a reevaluation of the contents of the TFP (i.e., the market basket of goods). Further, any annual adjustment to the cost of the plan must be based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
As background, USDA created the TFP (the cost of purchasing a nutritionally adequate low-cost diet), which is used to determine maximum monthly benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). USDA calculates the cost of the TFP each year to account for food price inflation. Maximum allotments are set at the monthly cost of the TFP for a four-person family, adjusted for family size. Under a provision of the 2018 farm bill, USDA must reevaluate the market basket of goods every five years based on current food prices, food composition data, consumption patterns, and dietary guidance.
(Sec. 10102) This section increases the work requirements for certain SNAP recipients who are able-bodied adults.
Timeline
4 Jul 2025
Became Public Law No: 119-21.
Common questions
- What does H.R. 1 do?
- This measure, H.R. 1, is a large budget reconciliation bill that touches nearly every major area of federal spending and tax policy. It makes permanent and expands a number of individual and business tax provisions originally enacted in 2017, including reduced individual tax rates, a higher standard deduction, an enhanced child tax credit, and expanded business expensing rules, while adding new provisions such as exemptions for tip and overtime income and car-loan interest. It also restructures federal nutrition assistance (SNAP) by tightening work requirements and eligibility, changes Medicaid financing and eligibility rules, modifies student loan and Pell Grant programs, increases funding for border security, defense, and Coast Guard programs, and rescinds unspent funds from various clean-energy, environmental, and infrastructure programs. The bill also raises the statutory limit on the public debt. The bill affects a broad range of Americans and institutions: taxpayers and businesses affected by the tax changes; SNAP and Medicaid recipients subject to new eligibility and work-requirement rules; college students and borrowers affected by loan and Pell Grant changes; farmers and rural communities through commodity, crop insurance, and disaster-assistance provisions; and federal agencies whose funding or programs are altered, expanded, or rescinded, including the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Energy, and Education, and agencies such as the EPA and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. H.R. 1 was introduced in the House on May 20, 2025, by Rep. Jodey Arrington, passed both chambers under budget reconciliation procedures, and was signed into law by the President on July 4, 2025. As enacted legislation, its provisions are now in effect or being implemented according to the effective dates specified within the various titles of the act.
- Has H.R. 1 become law?
- Yes. H.R. 1 has been enacted. Status last updated 4 Jul 2025.
- Who sponsored H.R. 1?
- H.R. 1 was sponsored by Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] (R-TX), with 0 cosponsors.
- What's the latest action on H.R. 1?
- Became Public Law No: 119-21. (4 Jul 2025).
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